1047260214

Committed 24 Oct 2023 08:50AM UTC coverage: 80.226% (-0.1%) from 80.34%

Build # 1047260214

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push

gitlab-ci

Committed by

oleorhagen

Commit Message

test(artifact): Add signature verification of the test artifact for RSA

Signed-off-by: Ole Petter <ole.orhagen@northern.tech>

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71.94

/common/crypto/platform/openssl/crypto.cpp

// Copyright 2023 Northern.tech AS
//
//    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
//    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
//    You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
//    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
//    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
//    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
//    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
//    limitations under the License.

#include <common/crypto.hpp>

#include <common/crypto/platform/openssl/openssl_config.h>

#include <cstdint>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <memory>


#include <openssl/bn.h>
#include <openssl/ecdsa.h>
#include <openssl/err.h>
#include <openssl/evp.h>
#include <openssl/pem.h>
#include <openssl/rsa.h>

#include <common/io.hpp>
#include <common/error.hpp>
#include <common/expected.hpp>
#include <common/common.hpp>

#include <artifact/sha/sha.hpp>


namespace mender {
namespace common {
namespace crypto {

const size_t MENDER_DIGEST_SHA256_LENGTH = 32;

const size_t OPENSSL_SUCCESS = 1;

using namespace std;

namespace error = mender::common::error;
namespace io = mender::common::io;

auto pkey_ctx_free_func = [](EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx) {
        if (ctx) {
                EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(ctx);
        }
};
auto pkey_free_func = [](EVP_PKEY *key) {
        if (key) {
                EVP_PKEY_free(key);
        }
};
auto bio_free_func = [](BIO *bio) {
        if (bio) {
                BIO_free(bio);
        }
};
auto bio_free_all_func = [](BIO *bio) {
        if (bio) {
                BIO_free_all(bio);
        }
};
#ifdef MENDER_CRYPTO_OPENSSL_LEGACY
auto bn_free = [](BIGNUM *bn) {
        if (bn) {
                BN_free(bn);
        }
};
#endif

// NOTE: GetOpenSSLErrorMessage should be called upon all OpenSSL errors, as
// the errors are queued, and if not harvested, the FIFO structure of the
// queue will mean that if you just get one, you might actually get the wrong
// one.
string GetOpenSSLErrorMessage() {
        const auto sysErrorCode = errno;
        auto sslErrorCode = ERR_get_error();

        std::string errorDescription {};
        while (sslErrorCode != 0) {
                if (!errorDescription.empty()) {
                        errorDescription += '\n';
                }
                errorDescription += ERR_error_string(sslErrorCode, nullptr);
                sslErrorCode = ERR_get_error();
        }
        if (sysErrorCode != 0) {
                if (!errorDescription.empty()) {
                        errorDescription += '\n';
                }
                errorDescription += "System error, code=" + std::to_string(sysErrorCode);
                errorDescription += ", ";
                errorDescription += strerror(sysErrorCode);
        }
        return errorDescription;
}

ExpectedPrivateKey PrivateKey::LoadFromPEM(
        const string &private_key_path, const string &passphrase) {
        auto private_bio_key = unique_ptr<BIO, void (*)(BIO *)>(
                BIO_new_file(private_key_path.c_str(), "r"), bio_free_func);
        if (private_bio_key == nullptr) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to open the private key file " + private_key_path + ": "
                                + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        vector<char> chars(passphrase.begin(), passphrase.end());
        chars.push_back('\0');
        char *c_str = chars.data();

        // We need our own custom callback routine, as the default one will prompt
        // for a passphrase.
        auto callback = [](char *buf, int size, int rwflag, void *u) {
                // We'll only use this callback for reading passphrases, not for
                // writing them.
                assert(rwflag == 0);

                if (u == nullptr) {
                        return 0;
                }

                // NB: buf is not expected to be null terminated.
                char *const pass = static_cast<char *>(u);
                strncpy(buf, pass, size);

                const int len = static_cast<int>(strlen(pass));
                return (len < size) ? len : size;
        };

        auto private_key = unique_ptr<EVP_PKEY, void (*)(EVP_PKEY *)>(
                PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(private_bio_key.get(), nullptr, callback, c_str), pkey_free_func);
        if (private_key == nullptr) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to load the key: " + private_key_path + " " + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        return unique_ptr<PrivateKey>(new PrivateKey(std::move(private_key)));
}

ExpectedPrivateKey PrivateKey::LoadFromPEM(const string &private_key_path) {
        return PrivateKey::LoadFromPEM(private_key_path, "");
}

ExpectedPrivateKey PrivateKey::Generate(const unsigned int bits, const unsigned int exponent) {
#ifdef MENDER_CRYPTO_OPENSSL_LEGACY
        auto pkey_gen_ctx = unique_ptr<EVP_PKEY_CTX, void (*)(EVP_PKEY_CTX *)>(
                EVP_PKEY_CTX_new_id(EVP_PKEY_RSA, nullptr), pkey_ctx_free_func);

        int ret = EVP_PKEY_keygen_init(pkey_gen_ctx.get());
        if (ret != OPENSSL_SUCCESS) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to generate a private key. Initialization failed: "
                                + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        ret = EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_keygen_bits(pkey_gen_ctx.get(), bits);
        if (ret != OPENSSL_SUCCESS) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to generate a private key. Parameters setting failed: "
                                + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        auto exponent_bn = unique_ptr<BIGNUM, void (*)(BIGNUM *)>(BN_new(), bn_free);
        ret = BN_set_word(exponent_bn.get(), exponent);
        if (ret != OPENSSL_SUCCESS) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to generate a private key. Parameters setting failed: "
                                + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        ret = EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_keygen_pubexp(pkey_gen_ctx.get(), exponent_bn.get());
        if (ret != OPENSSL_SUCCESS) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to generate a private key. Parameters setting failed: "
                                + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }
        exponent_bn.release();

        EVP_PKEY *pkey = nullptr;
        ret = EVP_PKEY_keygen(pkey_gen_ctx.get(), &pkey);
        if (ret != OPENSSL_SUCCESS) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to generate a private key. Generation failed: " + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }
#else
        auto pkey_gen_ctx = unique_ptr<EVP_PKEY_CTX, void (*)(EVP_PKEY_CTX *)>(
                EVP_PKEY_CTX_new_from_name(nullptr, "RSA", nullptr), pkey_ctx_free_func);

        int ret = EVP_PKEY_keygen_init(pkey_gen_ctx.get());
        if (ret != OPENSSL_SUCCESS) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to generate a private key. Initialization failed: "
                                + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        OSSL_PARAM params[3];
        auto bits_buffer = bits;
        auto exponent_buffer = exponent;
        params[0] = OSSL_PARAM_construct_uint("bits", &bits_buffer);
        params[1] = OSSL_PARAM_construct_uint("e", &exponent_buffer);
        params[2] = OSSL_PARAM_construct_end();

        ret = EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_params(pkey_gen_ctx.get(), params);
        if (ret != OPENSSL_SUCCESS) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to generate a private key. Parameters setting failed: "
                                + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        EVP_PKEY *pkey = nullptr;
        ret = EVP_PKEY_generate(pkey_gen_ctx.get(), &pkey);
        if (ret != OPENSSL_SUCCESS) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to generate a private key. Generation failed: " + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }
#endif

        auto private_key = unique_ptr<EVP_PKEY, void (*)(EVP_PKEY *)>(pkey, pkey_free_func);
        return unique_ptr<PrivateKey>(new PrivateKey(std::move(private_key)));
}

expected::ExpectedString EncodeBase64(vector<uint8_t> to_encode) {
        // Predict the len of the decoded for later verification. From man page:
        // For every 3 bytes of input provided 4 bytes of output
        // data will be produced. If n is not divisible by 3 (...)
        // the output is padded such that it is always divisible by 4.
        const uint64_t predicted_len {4 * ((to_encode.size() + 2) / 3)};

        // Add space for a NUL terminator. From man page:
        // Additionally a NUL terminator character will be added
        auto buffer {vector<unsigned char>(predicted_len + 1)};

        const int64_t output_len {
                EVP_EncodeBlock(buffer.data(), to_encode.data(), static_cast<int>(to_encode.size()))};
        assert(output_len >= 0);

        if (predicted_len != static_cast<uint64_t>(output_len)) {
                return expected::unexpected(
                        MakeError(Base64Error, "The predicted and the actual length differ"));
        }

        return string(buffer.begin(), buffer.end() - 1); // Remove the last zero byte
}

expected::ExpectedBytes DecodeBase64(string to_decode) {
        // Predict the len of the decoded for later verification. From man page:
        // For every 4 input bytes exactly 3 output bytes will be
        // produced. The output will be padded with 0 bits if necessary
        // to ensure that the output is always 3 bytes.
        const uint64_t predicted_len {3 * ((to_decode.size() + 3) / 4)};

        auto buffer {vector<unsigned char>(predicted_len)};

        const int64_t output_len {EVP_DecodeBlock(
                buffer.data(),
                common::ByteVectorFromString(to_decode).data(),
                static_cast<int>(to_decode.size()))};
        assert(output_len >= 0);

        if (predicted_len != static_cast<uint64_t>(output_len)) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        Base64Error,
                        "The predicted (" + std::to_string(predicted_len) + ") and the actual ("
                                + std::to_string(output_len) + ") length differ"));
        }

        // Subtract padding bytes. Inspired by internal OpenSSL code from:
        // https://github.com/openssl/openssl/blob/ff88545e02ab48a52952350c52013cf765455dd3/crypto/ct/ct_b64.c#L46
        for (auto it = to_decode.crbegin(); *it == '='; it++) {
                buffer.pop_back();
        }

        return buffer;
}


expected::ExpectedString ExtractPublicKey(const string &private_key_path) {
        auto private_bio_key = unique_ptr<BIO, void (*)(BIO *)>(
                BIO_new_file(private_key_path.c_str(), "r"), bio_free_func);

        if (!private_bio_key.get()) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to open the private key file " + private_key_path + ": "
                                + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        auto private_key = unique_ptr<EVP_PKEY, void (*)(EVP_PKEY *)>(
                PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(private_bio_key.get(), nullptr, nullptr, nullptr), pkey_free_func);
        if (private_key == nullptr) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to load the key (" + private_key_path + "):" + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        auto bio_public_key = unique_ptr<BIO, void (*)(BIO *)>(BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()), bio_free_all_func);

        if (!bio_public_key.get()) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to extract the public key from the private key " + private_key_path
                                + "):" + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        int ret = PEM_write_bio_PUBKEY(bio_public_key.get(), private_key.get());
        if (ret != OPENSSL_SUCCESS) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to extract the public key from: (" + private_key_path
                                + "): OpenSSL BIO write failed: " + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        int pending = BIO_ctrl_pending(bio_public_key.get());
        if (pending <= 0) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to extract the public key from: (" + private_key_path
                                + "): Zero byte key unexpected: " + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        vector<uint8_t> key_vector(pending);

        size_t read = BIO_read(bio_public_key.get(), key_vector.data(), pending);

        if (read == 0) {
                MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to extract the public key from (" + private_key_path
                                + "): Zero bytes read from BIO: " + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage());
        }

        return string(key_vector.begin(), key_vector.end());
}

expected::ExpectedBytes SignData(const string &private_key_path, const vector<uint8_t> &digest) {
        auto bio_private_key = unique_ptr<BIO, void (*)(BIO *)>(
                BIO_new_file(private_key_path.c_str(), "r"), bio_free_func);
        if (bio_private_key == nullptr) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to open the private key file (" + private_key_path
                                + "):" + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        auto pkey = unique_ptr<EVP_PKEY, void (*)(EVP_PKEY *)>(
                PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(bio_private_key.get(), nullptr, nullptr, nullptr), pkey_free_func);
        if (pkey == nullptr) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to load the key from (" + private_key_path + "):" + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        auto pkey_signer_ctx = unique_ptr<EVP_PKEY_CTX, void (*)(EVP_PKEY_CTX *)>(
                EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(pkey.get(), nullptr), pkey_ctx_free_func);

        if (EVP_PKEY_sign_init(pkey_signer_ctx.get()) <= 0) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError, "Failed to initialize the OpenSSL signer: " + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }
        if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_signature_md(pkey_signer_ctx.get(), EVP_sha256()) <= 0) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to set the OpenSSL signature to sha256: " + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        vector<uint8_t> signature {};

        // Set the needed signature buffer length
        size_t digestlength = MENDER_DIGEST_SHA256_LENGTH, siglength;
        if (EVP_PKEY_sign(pkey_signer_ctx.get(), nullptr, &siglength, digest.data(), digestlength)
                <= 0) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError, "Failed to get the signature buffer length: " + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }
        signature.resize(siglength);

        if (EVP_PKEY_sign(
                        pkey_signer_ctx.get(), signature.data(), &siglength, digest.data(), digestlength)
                <= 0) {
                return expected::unexpected(
                        MakeError(SetupError, "Failed to sign the digest: " + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        // The signature may in some cases be shorter than the previously allocated
        // length (which is the max)
        signature.resize(siglength);

        return signature;
}

expected::ExpectedString Sign(const string &private_key_path, const mender::sha::SHA &shasum) {
        auto exp_signed_data = SignData(private_key_path, shasum);
        if (!exp_signed_data) {
                return expected::unexpected(exp_signed_data.error());
        }
        vector<uint8_t> signature = exp_signed_data.value();

        return EncodeBase64(signature);
}

expected::ExpectedString SignRawData(
        const string &private_key_path, const vector<uint8_t> &raw_data) {
        auto exp_shasum = mender::sha::Shasum(raw_data);

        if (!exp_shasum) {
                return expected::unexpected(exp_shasum.error());
        }
        auto shasum = exp_shasum.value();
        log::Debug("Shasum is: " + shasum.String());

        return Sign(private_key_path, shasum);
}

const size_t mender_decode_buf_size = 256;
const size_t ecdsa256keySize = 32;

// Try and decode the keys from pure binary, assuming that the points on the
// curve (r,s), have been concatenated together (r || s), and simply dumped to
// binary. Which is what we did in the `mender-artifact` tool.
// (See MEN-1740) for some insight into previous issues, and the chosen fix.
static expected::ExpectedBytes TryASN1EncodeMenderCustomBinaryECFormat(
        const vector<uint8_t> &signature,
        const mender::sha::SHA &shasum,
        std::function<BIGNUM *(const unsigned char *signature, int length, BIGNUM *_unused)>
                BinaryDecoderFn) {
        // Verify that the marshalled keys match our expectation
        const size_t assumed_signature_size {2 * ecdsa256keySize};
        if (signature.size() > assumed_signature_size) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Unexpected size of the signature for ECDSA. Expected 2*" + to_string(ecdsa256keySize)
                                + " bytes. Got: " + to_string(signature.size())));
        }
        auto ecSig = unique_ptr<ECDSA_SIG, void (*)(ECDSA_SIG *)>(ECDSA_SIG_new(), ECDSA_SIG_free);
        if (ecSig == nullptr) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to allocate the structure for the ECDSA signature: "
                                + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        auto r = unique_ptr<BIGNUM, void (*)(BIGNUM *)>(
                BinaryDecoderFn(signature.data(), ecdsa256keySize, NULL /* allocate new memory for r */),
                BN_free);
        if (r == nullptr) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to extract the r(andom) part from the ECDSA signature in the binary representation: "
                                + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }
        auto s = unique_ptr<BIGNUM, void (*)(BIGNUM *)>(
                BinaryDecoderFn(
                        signature.data() + ecdsa256keySize,
                        ecdsa256keySize,
                        NULL /* allocate new memory for s */),
                BN_free);
        if (s == nullptr) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to extract the s(ignature) part from the ECDSA signature in the binary representation: "
                                + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        // Set the r&s values in the SIG struct
        // r & s now owned by ecSig
        int ret {ECDSA_SIG_set0(ecSig.get(), r.get(), s.get())};
        if (ret != OPENSSL_SUCCESS) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to set the signature parts in the ECDSA structure: "
                                + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }
        r.release();
        s.release();

        /* Allocate some array guaranteed to hold the DER-encoded structure */
        vector<uint8_t> der_encoded_byte_array(mender_decode_buf_size);
        unsigned char *arr_p = &der_encoded_byte_array[0];
        int len = i2d_ECDSA_SIG(ecSig.get(), &arr_p);
        if (len < 0) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to set the signature parts in the ECDSA structure: "
                                + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }
        /* Resize to the actual size of the DER-encoded signature */
        der_encoded_byte_array.resize(len);

        return der_encoded_byte_array;
}


expected::ExpectedBool VerifySignData(
        const string &public_key_path,
        const mender::sha::SHA &shasum,
        const vector<uint8_t> &signature);

static expected::ExpectedBool VerifyECDSASignData(
        const string &public_key_path,
        const mender::sha::SHA &shasum,
        const vector<uint8_t> &signature) {
        expected::ExpectedBytes exp_der_encoded_signature =
                TryASN1EncodeMenderCustomBinaryECFormat(signature, shasum, BN_bin2bn)
                        .or_else([&signature, &shasum](error::Error big_endian_error) {
                                log::Debug(
                                        "Failed to decode the signature binary blob from our custom binary format assuming the big-endian encoding, error: "
                                        + big_endian_error.String()
                                        + " falling back and trying anew assuming it is little-endian encoded: ");
                                return TryASN1EncodeMenderCustomBinaryECFormat(signature, shasum, BN_lebin2bn);
                        });
        if (!exp_der_encoded_signature) {
                return expected::unexpected(
                        MakeError(VerificationError, exp_der_encoded_signature.error().message));
        }

        vector<uint8_t> der_encoded_signature = exp_der_encoded_signature.value();

        return VerifySignData(public_key_path, shasum, der_encoded_signature);
}

static bool OpenSSLSignatureVerificationError(int a) {
        /*
         * The signature check errored. This is different from the signature being
         * wrong. We simply were not able to perform the check in this instance.
         * Therefore, we fall back to trying the custom marshalled binary ECDSA
         * signature, which we have been using in Mender.
         */
        return a < 0;
}

expected::ExpectedBool VerifySignData(
        const string &public_key_path,
        const mender::sha::SHA &shasum,
        const vector<uint8_t> &signature) {
        auto bio_key =
                unique_ptr<BIO, void (*)(BIO *)>(BIO_new_file(public_key_path.c_str(), "r"), bio_free_func);
        if (bio_key == nullptr) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to open the public key file from (" + public_key_path
                                + "):" + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        auto pkey = unique_ptr<EVP_PKEY, void (*)(EVP_PKEY *)>(
                PEM_read_bio_PUBKEY(bio_key.get(), nullptr, nullptr, nullptr), pkey_free_func);
        if (pkey == nullptr) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to load the public key from(" + public_key_path
                                + "): " + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        auto pkey_signer_ctx = unique_ptr<EVP_PKEY_CTX, void (*)(EVP_PKEY_CTX *)>(
                EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(pkey.get(), nullptr), pkey_ctx_free_func);

        auto ret = EVP_PKEY_verify_init(pkey_signer_ctx.get());
        if (ret <= 0) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError, "Failed to initialize the OpenSSL signer: " + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }
        ret = EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_signature_md(pkey_signer_ctx.get(), EVP_sha256());
        if (ret <= 0) {
                return expected::unexpected(MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to set the OpenSSL signature to sha256: " + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage()));
        }

        // verify signature
        ret = EVP_PKEY_verify(
                pkey_signer_ctx.get(), signature.data(), signature.size(), shasum.data(), shasum.size());
        if (OpenSSLSignatureVerificationError(ret)) {
                log::Debug(
                        "Failed to verify the signature with the supported OpenSSL binary formats. Falling back to the custom Mender encoded binary format for ECDSA signatures: "
                        + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage());
                return VerifyECDSASignData(public_key_path, shasum, signature);
        }
        if (ret == OPENSSL_SUCCESS) {
                return true;
        }
        /* This is the case where ret == 0. The signature is simply wrong */
        return false;
}

expected::ExpectedBool VerifySign(
        const string &public_key_path, const mender::sha::SHA &shasum, const string &signature) {
        // signature: decode base64
        auto exp_decoded_signature = DecodeBase64(signature);
        if (!exp_decoded_signature) {
                return expected::unexpected(exp_decoded_signature.error());
        }
        auto decoded_signature = exp_decoded_signature.value();

        return VerifySignData(public_key_path, shasum, decoded_signature);
}

error::Error PrivateKey::SaveToPEM(const string &private_key_path) {
        auto bio_key = unique_ptr<BIO, void (*)(BIO *)>(
                BIO_new_file(private_key_path.c_str(), "w"), bio_free_func);
        if (bio_key == nullptr) {
                return MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to open the private key file (" + private_key_path
                                + "): " + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage());
        }

        // PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey_traditional will use the key-specific PKCS1
        // format if one is available for that key type, otherwise it will encode
        // to a PKCS8 key.
        auto ret = PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey_traditional(
                bio_key.get(), key.get(), nullptr, nullptr, 0, nullptr, nullptr);
        if (ret != OPENSSL_SUCCESS) {
                return MakeError(
                        SetupError,
                        "Failed to save the private key to file (" + private_key_path
                                + "): " + GetOpenSSLErrorMessage());
        }

        return error::NoError;
}

} // namespace crypto
} // namespace common
} // namespace mender

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